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It is very expensive in D V to go from the surface of the Earth to low Earth orbit (LEO); the Space Shuttle works very hard for that first 280 km of altitude! Once in LEO, missions to geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO), where satellites appear to remain stationary over the same spot on the Earth, or to the lunar surface, require only modest D V's.

. ¶ Data plane dependencies also affect applications in a NOC such as SDN controller applications: certain network changes are hard to implement today because the change itself may affect reachability of the devices. Examples include address or mask changes, routing changes, or security policies.